书面表达
【知识点睛】
中考书面表达题命题特点:
中考书面表达题,大体分为记叙文和应用文。记叙文以记事为主,叙事要力求充分、具体、详实。常考的应用文主要有书信、日记、通知、调查报告等。
中考书面表达题旨在通过书面表达测试学生作简单书面表达的能力,联想能力,灵活运用所学的英语知识的能力及初步运用英语表达思想的能力。
近六年,河南中考英语书面表达题以写人记事类为主,偶有考察话题作文(2012年)。
年份
分类 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011
文体 记叙文 记叙文 记叙文 记叙文 话题作文 记叙文
词数 80词左右 80词左右 80词左右 80词左右 80词左右 80词左右
话题 The biggest personal change I’ve ever made I want to have _____ My special _____ What makes me a good friend? 了解历史的方式:1、看历史剧
2、读史书 Liu Wei, an armless piano player, has a very special experience.
书面表达写作步骤:
一、审
审题材、体裁
二、理
理要点
理结构
三、定
定人称
定顺序
定时态
四、查
查单词拼写
查主谓一致
查固定搭配
查句型句式
忌:汉语式思维
关键:理结构(列提纲)
首段——开门见山,落笔点题
↓
中间段——根据要点要求,按一定的线索逐次展开
↓
尾段——回应主题,首尾呼应,画龙点睛
满分作文的标准:
要点全
(——不能丢落要点)
要发挥
(——不能限于回答问题或逐句翻译)
句式丰
(——表达不能过于单一)
结构清
(——表达有层次,会用关联词,注意首尾上下呼应)
书写美
(——字迹工整)
无错误
(——杜绝任何小错)
过渡词:
1. 并列关系的过渡词:
and, as well as, not only... but also…, neither...nor..., both...and…
2. 转折关系的过渡词:
but, yet, however, on the contrary, although + clause, despite / in spite of + n./doing…
3. 时间关系的过渡词:
first, second, third, next, and then, finally, in the end, after, before, after a few days, a last…
4. 空间关系的过渡词:
near (to), far (from), in the front of, beside, behind, beyond, above, below, to the right…
5. 比较关系的过渡词:
in the same way, just like, just as…
6. 对照关系的过渡词:
but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, in spite of…
7. 递进关系的过渡词:
also, and, then, too, in addition, what’s more, what’s worse, especially, besides, moreover, furthermore, not only… but also…, at the same time…
8. 因果关系的过渡词:
because, since, then, so, therefore…
9. 解释说明的过渡词:
for example, in fact, in this case, for, actually...
10. 强调的过渡词:
in fact, in deed, necessarily, certainly, without any doubt, truly, most important…
11. 目的的过渡词:
for this reason, for this purpose…
12. 列举的过渡词:
for example, such as…
13. 总结性的过渡词:
in conclusion, finally…
一、书面表达四步法
请以 “My ______” 为题写一篇英语短文,描述一个你熟悉的人。
要求:
1. 先将题目补充完整;
2. 从外貌、兴趣、爱好、日常活动、职业等方面进行描述;
3. 文中不得出现真实的人名、校名;
4. 不少于70词。
My ___________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
一、审
审题材、体裁
半命题作文;写你熟悉的人;
外貌、兴趣、爱好、日常活动、职业等;
禁止真实校名、人名;词数要求
二、理
理_______ 外貌、兴趣、爱好、日常活动、职业等
理_______
总 My father is strict with me in my study, but I love him.
分 (1) English teacher; tall; thin; strict; kind
(2) on workdays; work; from morning to night; run; in the morning
(3) on weekends; free; Saturday morning; take me out; have a walk; Saturday afternoon; help; homework; Sunday afternoon; go fishing with his friends
总 This is my father. I love him.
三、定
定________ 第三人称:my father/he
定________ 部分地方考虑时间先后顺序
定________ 一般现在时
四、查
查_____________
查_____________
查_____________
查_____________
忌:_____________
例文赏析(一)
My Father
My father is strict with me in my study, but I love him.
He is an English teacher in Red Star Middle School. He is tall and thin with short black hair. He is strict but kind.
On workdays, he is very busy working from morning to night. He likes getting up early and running in the morning.
On weekends, he is usually free. So on Saturday morning, he’d like to take me out and have a walk. On Saturday afternoon, he often helps me with my homework. Sometimes on Sunday afternoon, he goes fishing with his good friends.
This is my father. I love him.
例文赏析(二)
My Father
My father is a doctor who works really hard.
He has devoted himself to his career for he gets up very early and gets back home late. What he thinks about all day long is the patients and how he can release the pains of his patients. And he will do whatever he can to help his patients.
In his free time, he likes reading books and often takes notes on important points. What’s more, he published a book. Besides reading, he likes listening to music to get relaxed.
That is my father. I love him and I’m proud of him.
二、写作训练营
A
你身边的每个人对你来说都具有特殊的意义。请以“My special ________”为题用英语写一篇短文,描述你家庭的某个成员或你的朋友、老师、同学等。
要求:
1. 在题目空格处填入你要描述的对象,如grandma, teacher或friend等;
2. 文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称;
3. 80词左右。
My special ________
____________________________________________________________________________
一、审:审题
____________________________________________________________________________
二、理
理要点 _________________________________________________________________________
理结构 ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
三、定
定人称___________________________________________________________________
定顺序___________________________________________________________________
定时态___________________________________________________________________
四、查
查单词拼写
查主谓一致
查固定搭配
查句型句式
忌:汉语式思维
B
假如你叫李华,你打算中考结束后和同学们结伴出游,但遭到了父母的反对。请结合此事,谈谈如何对待父母及如何解决日常生活中与他们意见不一致的问题。
要求:
1. 逻辑清晰,语言通顺,观点不限,自由发挥,无需标题。
2. 文中不能以任何方式出现真实的人名、校名和县(市)区名及其它相关信息。
3. 词数:80-100。
参考词汇:中考 the High School Entrance Examination
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
一、审:审题
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
二、理
理要点 _________________________________________________________________________
理结构 ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
三、定
定人称___________________________________________________________________
定顺序___________________________________________________________________
定时态___________________________________________________________________
四、查
查单词拼写
查主谓一致
查固定搭配
查句型句式
忌:汉语式思维
C
假如你叫李华,你的美国笔友Tom上周刚过完生日。他想知道你经常和谁一起过生日,怎么过的,你收到的最喜欢的礼物是什么,以及你喜欢它的原因。请你根据他的问题回复邮件。
提示词语:cake, noodles, sing songs, make a wish, get presents
Who do you often celebrate your birthday with? Your parents? Your friends? Or…?
What do you usually do on your birthday?
What is your favorite present? Why do you like it?
根据中文和英文提示,写一封意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于50词的回信。信的开头和结尾已给出,其词数不计入所要完成的回信内。所给英文提示词语仅供选用。请不要写出你的校名和姓名。
To Tom
From Li Hua
Subject Birthday
Hi! Tom,
I’m glad that you had a nice birthday party last week._____________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours.
Li Hua
一、审:审题
____________________________________________________________________________
二、理
理要点 _________________________________________________________________________
理结构 ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
三、定
定人称 __________________________________________________________________
定顺序 __________________________________________________________________
定时态 __________________________________________________________________
四、查
查单词拼写、查主谓一致、查固定搭配、查句型句式、忌:汉语式思维
D
学习方法、自我反思、合作交流、同伴互评是学习过程中几个重要的方面。其中,有效的学习方法能使你的学习境界大开,让学习成为一种享受。
在你初中三年的学习过程中,你一定会有一些好的学习方法与你的同伴分享,请按以下要求写一篇短文,内容须包含以下要点:
your good learning method(s)
an experience that you helped your partners
your thoughts and feelings
要求:
1. 词数100词左右,提示词仅供参考;
2. 文中不得出现真实的人名、校名。
____________________________________________________________________________
一、审:审题
____________________________________________________________________________
二、理
理要点 ________________________________________________________________________
理结构 ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
三、定
定人称___________________________________________________________________
定顺序___________________________________________________________________
定时态___________________________________________________________________
四、查
查单词拼写
查主谓一致
查固定搭配
查句型句式
忌:汉语式思维
____________________________________________________________________________
四、查
查单词拼写
查主谓一致
查固定搭配
查句型句式
忌:汉语式思维
【参考答案】
【知识点睛】
要点
结构
人称
顺序
时态
单词拼写
主谓一致
固定搭配
句型句式
汉语式思维
【精讲精练】
写作训练营
A
My special friend
My best friend and I get along with each other quite well. But we are so different. He is funnier, more outgoing than me and I’m more serious. He is more athletic and likes to play all kinds of sports but I am smarter on study. My friend is wilder than me and I am calmer. He is tall, thin, strong, with short hair, and sometimes he is very careless and lazy. On the other hands, I am short, fat and weak, with short hair. He is very helpful because I am very lazy and don’t want to do any sports. And I will help him with his study.
This is my special friend. I love him.
B
Last time I told my parents about my summer travel plan and they simply said “No”. I was really upset at first. But later I realized that they were just worried about my safety. So I talked to them later and made it clear that I would be safe together with my classmates. In the end, not only did they agree to my plan but also helped me prepare for the trip. So when our parents disagree with what we do, we should explain to them what we think and ask them for advice.
How nice we and our parents can understand each other!
C
Hi! Tom,
I’m glad that you had a nice birthday party last week.
I often celebrate my birthday with my parents and friends. We usually spend it at my place with a big birthday cake, some delicious noodles, soft drinks and many fun games. After we sing songs together, I usually make a wish. I also get presents on this big day and my favorite gifts are video games. I just love to have friends over playing together.
Yours,
Li Hua
D
Discussing in a group really helps me a lot. It broadens my mind and allows me more chances to express my thoughts.
Shy and nervous, my classmate Jeff used to hide himself behind books. Answering questions in public was quite a difficult job for him. Once our math teacher asked us to solve a difficult problem. I encouraged Jeff to discuss his idea with us and we found his way was so creative. Believe it or not, he could share his ideas with friends in public now.
Discussing in a group not only makes me enjoy the happiness of learning but also deepens the friendship.
中考英语语法+题型专题附录材料
附录1:中考英语八大时态
一、一般现在时
(一) 构成:
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语是第三人称单数,则在动词原形后加-s或-es。
Tom often helps his parents do housework at home.
Sometimes Lucy washes her clothes herself.
(二) 用法:
1. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常与usually, sometimes, once a week, every day等表示频率的副词和短语连用。
I often take a bus to school.
2. 表示客观事实或普遍真理。
The earth is round.
Light travels faster than sound.
3. 在时间、条件等状语从句中,从句用一般现在时表示将来。
When I grow up, I will go to America.
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo.
4. 在某些以here,there开头的句子中用一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。
There goes the bell.
(三) 时间状语:
1. 表示频率的副词usually,sometimes等
2. every day, every year等时间状语。
二、一般过去时
(一) 构成:一般过去时用动词的过去式表示
Last week Tom made a model plane with his friend Jack.
My father studied at this school twenty years ago.
(二) 用法:
1. 表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态
I got up at six this morning.
We visited a farm last Sunday.
2. 表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作
When I was in the countryside, I often swim in the river.
(三) 时间状语
和一般过去时连用的时间状语有:last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1990, in the past, the other day, just now等。
三、一般将来时
(一) 用法:
1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,其结构是will+动词原形。常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow, next week, in a few days, next Saturday, in+时间段等。
They will leave for Beijing next week.
Will you be back in two days?
当主语是I或we时,疑问句中一般使用shall,表示征求对方意见。
Where shall we meet tomorrow?
2. be going to + 动词原形,表示计划、打算做某事,表示已决定并且很有可能发生的事。
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
3. be +现在分词,表示将来。常用这种结构的动词有:go, come, leave, arrive, start, begin等,表示即将发生或安排好要做的事情。
We are leaving for Shanghai.
The bus is coming.
4. be to + 动词原形结构表示即将发生的动作。
5. 用一般现在时表示将来的情况:
1) 表示按规定或时间表预计将发生的动作。
We’re leaving for Kunming. Our plan takes off at 8:30.
2) 当主句为一般将来时,在if, as soon as, until, when等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
If it doesn’t rain this afternoon, we’ll have a basketball match.
(二) 注意:下面有几种情况下只可用will/shall表示将来,不可以用be going to结构。
1. 表示有礼貌的询问对方是否愿意或者表示客气的邀请或命令时。
Will you please lend me your bike?
2. 表示带有意愿色彩的时候。
We will help him if he asks us.
3. 表示单纯性的将来,与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。
The sun will rise at 6:00 tomorrow morning.
四、现在进行时
(一) 构成: 肯定式 am/is/are + 动词的现在分词
否定式 am/is/are + not + 动词的现在分词
疑问式 am/is/are + 主语 + 动词的现在分词?
肯定回答 Yes, 主语 + am/is/are.
否定回答 No, 主语 + am/is/are + not.
(二) 用法:
1. 表示此时此刻正在进行的动作。
—What are you doing?
—I am washing my car.
2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态。
The students are working on the farm these days.
(三) 时间状语:
时间状语为now, these days等或当句子中含有look, listen, can you see, can’t you see之类的暗示词时,要使用现在进行时。
(四) 注意:下列动词一般不用于现在进行时中
1. 感官动词:如see, hear等
2. 表示喜欢或厌恶的动词,如like, like, hate等
3. 表示希望的动词,如want, would like等
4. 表示状态的动词,如be等
5. 表示归属的动词,如have等
6. 表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词,如know, think, forget等
五、现在完成时
(一) 构成:主语 + have/has + 动词的过去分词
(二) 用法:
1. 表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
—Have you finished you homework?
—Yes, I have just finished it.
I have lost my key.
—Have you found your lost key yet?
—No, I haven’t found it yet.
注意:already, yet常和现在完成时连用。already用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前,也可以放在句末;yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中表示“还”,常放在句末。
2. 表示动作或状态在过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还要持续下去,常和for+时间段,since+时间点连用,表示持续的动作或状态,多用延续性动词。
Mr. Zhang has taught English for 20 years.
(三) 几个副词在现在完成时中的用法
1. just:刚刚。表示动作刚刚结束,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。
He has just come back from America.
2. ever:曾经。用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词和过去分词之间。
Have you ever been to London?
3. never:从来没有。常与before连用,多放在助动词与过去分词之间。
I have never travelled by plane before.
4. before:以前。指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型限制。
I have never heard of this singer before.
(四) 延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法
1. 现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在,而与一段时间连用时应注意居中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,而非延续性动词不可以和一段时间连用。
I have left my hometown for 10 years. (×)
I have been away from my hometown for 10 years. (√)
I have bought this book for two days. (×)
I have had this book for two days. (√)
2. 在否定句中,非延续性动词可以与一段时间连用。
I haven’t gone to see him for several months.
3. 在肯定句中非延续性动词与表时间段的状语连用时可采用下述三种方法:
1) 将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词
buy → have borrow → keep open → be open close → be closed
begin/start → be on come → be here go → be there finish → be over
die → be dead put on → wear get up → be up wake up → be awake
fall asleep → be asleep lose → not have join → be in leave → be away
arrive/reach → be catch a cold → have a cold
2) 将时间状语改为过去时间,且用一般过去时代替现在完成时
3) 用句型“It is + 时间段+ since从句(从句的位谓语动词为非延续性动词的过去式)”表示。
六、过去进行时
(一) 用法:
1. 表示过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作。常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如then, at that time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday等,或用另一动作来表示过去的时间。
What were you doing at three yesterday afternoon?
I was playing basketball at that time.
I was reading when my mother came in.
2. 过去进行时常和always等品读副词连用,表示过去频繁发生的习惯性动作,此时的过去进行时带有一定的感情色彩。
Jack was always changing his mind.
(二) 注意:
含有when或while引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中过去进行时的运用
1. 主句中的动作先于从句中的动作发生,且进行的时间较长时,主句用过去进行时(从句用一般过去时);
2. 从句中的动作先于主句中的动作发生,且进行的时间较长时,从句用过去进行时(主句用一般过去时);
3. 若主、从句动作开始时间不存在先后关系(即同时发生)或无所谓先后时,主、从句可同时使用过去进行时,此时的时间状语从句一般由while来引出。
4. 注意:在上述情况下,若动词为表示状态的延续性动词时,一般都应用一般过去时,而不用过去进行时。
Luckily, when I went to see him, he was at home.
七、过去完成时
(一) 结构与用法:
过去完成时指的是过去某个时间已经完成的动作或状态,概括地说即表示“过去的过去”。过去完成时的谓语动词形式为“had + 动词的过去分词”。过去完成时在句中使用时一般有一个或暗含额发生在过去的动作与其比较,使用过去完成时的动词动作在该过去的动作之前。
(二) 时间状语:by last week, by the end of last year
She had been away by the time I arrived.
八、过去将来时
(一) 用法:
1. 表示从过去某一时间看将来发生的动作或存在的状态。常用在宾语从句中,谓语由“would+动词原形”构成。
He asked when the meeting would start.
2. go, come, leave, arrive, start等动词,其过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作。
He was going to start a new job when I saw him then.
附录2:主谓一致
一、语法一致原则
主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。
1. 当and或both…and…连接两个或多个表示不同概念的名词作主语时,谓语动词用_____形式。
Both Lucy and Lily _______ (be) students.
2. 不定代词either, neither, each one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主语时,谓语动词用________形式。
Everyone _______ (be) ready for the sports meeting.
3. 由each…, every…, each… and each…, every… and every… 作主语时,谓语动词用_______形式。
Each boy and each girl ________ (have) been given a new book.
4. 主语后有with, along with, together with, as well as, no less than, rather than, including, besides, like, except, but等短语时,谓语动词的数由__________决定。
All except Tom _______ (have) passed the driving test.
5. “a number of + 名词复数” 作主语时,谓语动词用______形式;“the number of + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用_______形式。
A number of trees ________ (be) cut down.
The number of mistakes in his composition ________ (have) dropped.
6. “a lot of (lots of, plenty of, a pile of, piles of) + 名词”,“分数或百分数+of+名词”等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于名词,如果是不可数名词或可数名词单数,则谓语动词用______形式;如果是可数名词复数,则谓语动词用_______形式。
A lot of water ________ (have) been wasted.
7. 由“a pair/a series…of + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用_______形式;“pairs / kinds… of + 名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词用_______形式。
Fifteen pairs of shoes ________ (be) made each day.
8. 某些只有复数形式的名词(clothes, trousers, shorts, pants…)作主语时,谓语动词用______形式。
My trousers _______ (be) worn out.
9. 不定式或动名词作主语时,谓语动词用_______形式。
Reading _______ (be) learning.
二、意义一致原则
意义一致又叫概念一致,即谓语动词是单数形式还是复数形式要看主语所表达的概念。
1. 由and连接的两个单数名词作主语,如果是指同一概念(and后面无冠词),谓语动词用_______形式。
The singer and dancer _______(have) been invited to the party.
2. 表示度量、价格、时间等的名词词组作主语时,一般被看作一个整体,谓语动词常用_______形式。
Three years _______ (be) a long time.
3. 集体名词(如family, team, crowd, company, class, group…)如果表示整体概念,则谓语动词用_______形式;如果表示集体中的成员,则谓语动词用_______形式。
All my family _______ (enjoy) skiing.
4. people, police, cattle等集合名词作主语时,谓语动词用________形式。
Lots of people _______ (has) been there.
The police _______ (be) helping a girl find her mother.
5. 算式中表示加法和乘法时谓语动词可以用单数形式,也可以用复数形式,但在减法和除法中谓语动词必须用_______形式。
Ten minus five _______ (be) five.
6. one and a half后面接复数名词,作主语时谓语动词要用_______形式。
One and a half cakes ________ (be) a good meal for the monkey.
三、就近原则
有时谓语动词的形式与主语并不一致,而与它临近的名词一致,这种原则叫做“就近原则”。
1. 由either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but (also)…,或or连接两个并列名词作主语时,其谓语动词与较近的名词在数上保持一致。
Not only my parents but also I _______(be) looking forward to meeting my uncle.
2. There be…和Here be…这两个句式中的be动词常与其后最近的名词在数上保持一致。
There _______(be) a table with three legs and two chairs in Tom’s room.
附录3:反意疑问句相关用法
反意疑问部分是附在陈述部分之后,对陈述部分所说的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。反意疑问部分要与前面的陈述部分用逗号隔开,句末用问号。如果陈述部分是肯定结构,反意疑问部分就用否定结构,反之亦然。此问句可用yes或no来回答。反意疑问部分的主语要用代词,并与陈述部分主语一致,谓语动词在人称、数和时态上也要与陈述部分一致。
反意疑问句的重点是反意疑问部分的主语和谓语这两部分,因此对此知识点的命题重点就是反意疑问部分主语和谓语的确定,这是此考点命题的基本指导思想。不过,由于对反意疑问句的做出回答的特殊及易错性,考查反意疑问句作答与语境或情境联系较紧,所以此考查方式越来越受到命题人的青睐。
一、反意疑问部分主语及谓语的确定
反意疑问部分主语与谓语的确定应以陈述部分的主语和谓语为依据,尤其要注意一些特殊的情况,同时反意疑问部分的主语一般应为人称代词,而动词若为否定形式一般应用缩略形式。
1. 陈述部分含有never, few, little, nothing, nobody, no, hardly, none, too…to…等表示否定意义的词时,其反意疑问部分应用肯定形式。
There are few people in the room, are there?
2. 陈述部分是“There be”结构时,反意疑问部分用“be there”。
There is a tree in front of the building, isn’t there?
3. 当陈述部分的主语为指事/物的不定代词something, anything, everything等时,反意疑问部分的主语应用it。
Something is wrong with your computer, isn’t it?
4. 当陈述部分的主语为指人的不定代词somebody, anybody, everybody等时,反意疑问部分的主语可用he或they,但不可用it来代替。
Somebody wants to see you, doesn’t he (don’t they)?
5. 当陈述部分的主语为this, that等时,反意疑问部分的主语应用it。类似地,当陈述部分的主语为these, those等时,反意疑问部分的主语应用they。同时,陈述部分为肯定形式时,反意疑问部分应用否定形式,反之亦然。
This is a beautiful picture, isn’t it?
Those aren’t your books, are they?
6. 当陈述部分动词为have/has时有下列几种情况:
1) have 在一般现在时中表示“有”之意,反意疑问部分的谓语可用have也可用助动词do。
Tom has a new watch, hasn’t/doesn’t he?
2) have to表示“不得不”“必须”之意时,反意疑问部分的谓语应用助动词do。
Kate has to help her mother at home, doesn’t she?
3) have表示“吃、喝、玩、度过”等意思时,其反意疑问部分的谓语应用助动词do。
They had a good time in Beijing, didn’t they?
4) had better表示“最好”之意,当其用在陈述部分时,其反意疑问部分的谓语动词应用had。
We’d better stop talking, hadn’t we?
5) have 用在完成时中,其反意疑问部分的谓语动词应用have。
Lucy has ever been to Japan, hasn’t she?
7. 当陈述部分含有need时,如果need用作行为动词,则反意疑问部分的动词应用do;如果need用作情态动词,则反意疑问部分的动词应用need。
We need to arrive in Shanghai at 7:00, don’t we?
We needn’t leave at once, need we?
8. 当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,有以下几种情况。
1) must表示“必须”之意,反意疑问部分的谓语否定式用needn’t。
They must come on time, needn’t they?
2) must表示推测,“一定,想必”之意,反意疑问部分谓语动词的确定应根据must后面的动词来确定。
That man must be Mr. Wang, isn’t he?
9. 当陈述部分为I am形式时,反意疑问部分应该用aren’t I。
I’m right, aren’t I?
10. 肯定的祈使句的反意疑问部分可以用will you或won’t you,否定的祈使句的反意疑问部分用will you。
Listen to me carefully, will/won’t you?
Don’t play with fire, will you?
11. 以let’s 开头的祈使句,反意疑问部分应用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句,反意疑问部分应用will you。
Let’s go to the park, shall we?
Let us help you, will you?
12. 陈述部分若为主从复合句,反意疑问部分的主语通常与主句的主语一致。
She said he would come tomorrow, didn’t she?
注意:若主句的主语是第一人称I/we,其谓语动词又是think, suppose, expect, believe, imagine等时,则反意疑问部分的主语和谓语一般英语从句一致。(应特别注意否定的转移)
I think he is a good student, isn’t he?
We don’t think you are right, are you?
二、反意疑问句的答语
对反意疑问句作回答时,如果答案是肯定的,则用yes,后面要跟肯定形式的简略回答方式;若答案是否定的,则用no,后面跟否定形式的简略回答方式。其回答方式一般与一般疑问句的回答方式完全一致。
—Lucy skates very well, doesn’t she?
—Yes, she does.
—They don’t like the house, do they?
—No, they don’t.
附录4——英语构词法
英语中,构词法主要有三种:合成,派生,转化,另外还有缩略法和缩写法等。
一、合成法
由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,前一个词起修饰后一个词的作用。合成词有的用连字符连接,有的不用。合成词的词义通常能从单词表面看出来。合成词的主要构成方式有:
1. 合成名词
名词+名词: basketball, bedroom
形容词+名词: blackboard, highway
动词+名词: playground
动名词+名词: dining-room, swimming-pool
副词+名词: overcoat
动词+介词/副词: break-in, get-together
2. 合成动词
名词+动词: baby-sit, sleep-walk
形容词+动词: white-wash
副词+动词: overcome
3. 合成形容词
数词+名词: four-hour
数词+名词+形容词: five-year-old
形容词+名词: full-time
名词+过去分词: man-made
名词+现在分词: peace-loving
副词+现在分词: far-seeing
副词+过去分词: well-known
形容词+名词+-ed: white-haired
形容词+形容词: black-white
4. 合成副词
形容词+名词: sometimes
介词+副词: forever
动词+动词: maybe
副词+名词: upstairs
二、派生法
在一个单词(词根)前面或后面加上一个词缀,构成一个新词,成为派生。词缀分为前缀和后缀。加在单词前的是前缀,加在单词后的是后缀。
前缀
1. 一般情况下,加前缀不改变词性,只改变词义
dis- 否定;相反;出去(加在动词前,表示否定) appeardisappear
im-, in-, ir-, un- 不;非(加在形容词、副词前,表示否定) regularirregular, happyunhappy
mis- 误;错;恶(加在动词前,表示否定) understandmisunderstand
non- 无;非;不(加在名词、形容词前,表示否定) stopnon-stop
2. 能改变词形和词义的前缀
a- 向里;离开;加强(加在动词、名词前构成形容词或副词,加在形容词前构成介词或副词)
way (n.)away(adv.) side(n.)aside(adv.) long(adj.) along(prep. & adv.)
en- 使成为(加在名词、形容词前构成动词) joy (n.)enjoy (v.)
3. 其他意思的前缀
fore- 先;前 seeforesee
mid- 中 autumnmid-autumn
re- 重新;再一次 buildrebuild,tellretell
tele- 远;电(既是词素又可作为前缀,在简写中省略) phonetelephone, visiontelevision
后缀 (一般改变词形,加后缀构成的派生词与原词词义有联系)
-able 能够;可……的(加在动词、名词后,构成形容词) enjoyenjoyable, useusable
-age 状态;集合 (加在动词或形容词后,构成名词) postpostage, shortshortage
-ed ……的(加在名词后构成形容词,加在规则动词后构成过去式和过去分词)
interestinterested
-en 由……制成的(加在名词后构成形容词) woolwoolen
-er, -or 人;动作者(加在动词后构成名词) runrunner, readreader, visitvisitor, inventinventor
-ern 方向(加在表示方向的名词后构成形容词) northnorthern
-es, -s 多(加在名词后构成复数,加在动词后构成第三人称单数) watchwatches, saysays
-ses, -(ia)n 人;语言(加在国名后构成形容词和名词) ChinaChinese, JapanJapanese,
AmericaAmerican, AustraliaAustralian, CanadaCanadian
-ful 充满……的(加在动词或名词后构成形容词) carecareful, helphelpful
-hood 身份;境遇;状态(家挨名词后构成名词,这种后缀的词课构成复合词) childchildhood,
brotherbrotherhood
-ing 属于;性质;动作;状态(加在名词后构成名词或形容词;加在动词后构成名词;通常加
在动词后构成现在分词) shopshopping, interestinteresting, meetmeeting,
buildbuilding
-ion 动作;状态(加在动词后构成名词) inventinvention
-ist 主义者;人(加在名词后构成名词) sciencescientist, MarxMarxist
-ive ……的;有……的(加在动词后构成形容词)produceproductive, actactive
-less 无……的;没有;不(加在名词或动词后构成形容词) carecareless, useuseless
-ly 品质;……的;……地;每……的(加在名词后构成形容词或副词;加在形容词后构成副
词) friendfriendly, weekweekly, easyeasily, truetruly, slowslowly, quickquickly
-man 人;男人(加在名词后构成名词,这种后缀的构成可以构成复合名词)
EnglishEnglishman, postpostman
-ness 状态;性质(加在形容词后,构成抽象名词) carefulcarefulness, kindkindness
-self(-iselves) 自己(词根-self可以作前缀、后缀,作后缀时通常构成反身代词)mymyself,
himhimself, improvementself-improvement
-ship 状态;身份(加在名词或形容词后,构成抽象名词)friendfriendship, hardhardship
-teen, -ty, -th 数量(-teen构成基数词13-19;-ty构成整数基数词;-th构成从4开始的位数不含
数字1-3的序数词)thirteen, nineteen, twenty, ninety, fourth, hundredth
-th 结果;过程 (加在形容词、动词后,构成抽象名词)truetruth, growgrowth
-ty 性质;状态;程度(加在形容词后,构成行抽象名词) safesafety, difficultdifficulty
-y (充满)……的(加在名词后,构成形容词) cloudcloudy, rainrainy, sunsunny,
snowsnowy
三、 转化法
1. 转换前后的单词读音不变,只转换词性。判断某个单词的词性要看单词在句中所处的位置。
about (adv.) about (prep.) all (adj.) all (pron. & n.) answer (n.) answer (v.)
hand (n.) hand (v.) back (n.) back (v.) open (n.) open (v.)
orange (n.) orange (adj.) young (adj.) the young (n.) beautiful (adj.)the beautiful (n.)
2. 读音变化引起词性变化
close /kləʊs/ (adj.)近的close /kləʊz/ (v.)关
excuse /ɪkskjuːs/ (n.) 借口;理由excuse (v.)
record /'rɛkɔːd/ (n.)记录 record /rɪ'kɔːd/ (v.)记录;录像
四、缩略法
把原词省略一部分,使其缩短,写法和读音都用新的形式。
examinationexam photographphoto telephonephone
五、缩写法
取一个词或几个词的代表部分,再进行组合。
television-TV the United States of America-U.S.A
【中考英语语法+题型专题附录材料参考答案】
附录2:主谓一致
一、语法一致原则
1. 复数;are 2. 单数;is 3. 单数;has
4. 主语;have 5. 复数;单数;are;has
6. 单数;复数;has
7. 单数;复数;are 8. 复数;are 9. 单数;is
二、意义一致原则
1. 单数;has 2. 单数;is 3. 单数;复数;enjoy
4. 复数;have;are 5. 单数;is 6. 单数;is
三、就近原则
1. am 2. is